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The Hezbollah, or Party of God, (also HizbAllah or Hizbullah) is an Iranian movement formed at the time of the Iranian Revolution to assist the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini and his forces in consolidating power. References in the media or writing are usually made to members of the group — or Hezbollahi — rather than Hezbollah, as Hezbollah is/was not a tightly structured independent organisation, but more a movement of loosely bound groups, usually centered on a mosque.〔Schirazi, ''Constitution of Iran,'' (1987)p.153〕 Hezbollahi are said to "generally act without meaningful police restraint or fear of persecution,"〔(Niruyeh Moghavemat Basij Mobilisation Resistance Force )〕 and initially attacked demonstrations and offices of newspapers that were critical of the Ayatollah Khomeini. They are said to have "played an important role on the street at crucial moments in the early days of the revolution by confronting those the regime regarded as counter-revolutionaries."〔(Iran: Group known as Anssar-e Hizbollah (Ansar/Anzar e Hezbollah) UNHCR 2007 )〕 Once political challenges to the regime had died down, Hezbollahi attacks expanded to include a wide variety of activities found to be undesirable for "moral" or "cultural" reasons,〔 such as poor hijab, mixing of the sexes and consumption of alcohol.〔(Iran: Group known as Ansar-e Hizbollah (Ansar/Anzar e Hezbollah) UNHCR 2007 )〕 Mojtaba Bigdeli is a spokesman for the Iranian Hezbollah. ==History and activities== According to scholar Moojan Momen, the association of toughs and clerics became common during the era of weak government of the Qajar period, when "it became normal for the prominent" members of the ulama in any town "to surround themselves with a band of the town's ruffians, known as ''lutis'', to their mutual benefit". The ulama had "a ready band" to take to the street to oppose what the ulama opposed, while "the lutis in turn had a protector with whom they could take refuge if the government moved against them."〔Momen, Moojan, ''An Introduction to Shi'i Islam'', Yale University Press, 1985, p.199〕 The Hezbollahi which appeared after the Islamic revolution, according to Momen, were "in fact only an new name for the street roughs who had always had a close relationahip with the ulama."〔Momen, Moojan, ''An Introduction to Shi'i Islam'', Yale University Press, 1985, p.293〕 The name Hezbollah, or party of Allah, is generic,〔 coming from the rallying cry used by its "members": "Only one party - of Allah; only one leader - Ruhollah." The phrase ''party of Allah''〔Bakhash, Reign of the Ayatollahs, (1984), p.67〕 came from a verse in the Quran ... And whoever takes Allah and His apostle and those who believe for a guardian, then surely the ''party of Allah'' are they that shall be triumphant. ... and Ruhollah was the first name of the Islamic Revolution's leader Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini In the early days of the Revolution, Khomeinists — those in the Islamic Republican Party — denied connection to Hezbollah, and maintaining its attacks were the spontaneous will of the people over which the government had no control.〔Moin, ''Khomeini'' (2000), p.211〕 The Hezbollahi is a wild torrent surpassing the imagination. He is a maktabi (who follows Islam comprehensively ), disgusted with any leaning to the East or West. He has a pocketful of documents exposing the treason of those who pose as intellectuals. He is simple, sincere and angry. Stay away from his anger, which destroys all in its path. Khomeini is his heart and soul . ... The Hezbollahi does not use eau de cologne, wear a tie or smoke American cigarettes. ... You might wonder where he gets his information. He is everywhere, serving your food, selling you ice-cream.〔A definition of the Hezbollahi, given in a pamphlet published by the Ministry of Islamic Guidance, quoted in (Iran: Group known as Anssar-e Hizbollah (Ansar/Anzar e Hezbollah) UNHCR 2007 ) In fact, the Islamic Republican forces did supervise Hezbollah. Hojjat al-Islam Hadi Ghaffari, "a young protegee of Khomeini," being in charge of them.〔 Hezbollah was instrumental in the Islamic Cultural Revolution against secularists and modernists at Iran's universities. After Friday prayers on 18 April 1980, Khomeini harshly attacked the universities. `We are not afraid of economic sanctions or military intervention. What we are afraid of is Western universities and the training of our youth in the interests of West or East.` His remarks served as a signal for an attack that evening on the Tehran Teachers Training College. One student was reportedly lynched, and according to a British correspondent, the campus was left looking like `a combat zone.` The next day, hezbollahis ransacked left-wing student offices at Shiraz University. Some 300 students required hospital treatment. Attacks on student groups also took place at Mashad and Isfahan Universities"` The "membership" of Hezbollahi is said to be "essentially the same group of persons" who surrounded prominent members of the ulama during the Qajar dynasty, and "who would take to the street and create agitation when it suited the ulama to call them out." These were known as town toughs or ''luti.''〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hezbollah of Iran」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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